He was the embodiment of the fabled Russian bear. On ascending to the throne, however, Alexander III took Pobedonostsev's advice and cancelled the policy before its publication. Despite the antipathy that Alexander had towards his stepmother, Catherine Dolgorukov, he nevertheless allowed her to remain in the Winter Palace for some time after his father's assassination and to retain various keepsakes of him. [10] On 9 November[O.S. It yielded six children including the future Nicholas II. [7] His wife once convinced him to go on a carriage ride with her. . 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Then he started studying the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev. The union proved a happy one to the end; unlike nearly all of his predecessors since Peter I, there was no adultery in his marriage. His reign is often referred to as the Age of Counter Reform. Dagmar was so delighted by the First Hen egg that Alexander gave her an egg every year as an Easter tradition. "[44] He wrote in his diary that he "was crying like a baby"[45] when Dagmar gave birth to their first child, Nicholas. On 19 May 1866, Alexander II informed his son that Russia had come to an agreement with the parents of Princess Dagmar of Denmark, the fiance of his late elder brother Nicholas. On the very day of his death he signed an ukaz creating a number of consultative commissions that might have been transformed eventually into a representative assembly. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894) [1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev, then a professor of civil law at Moscow State University and later (from 1880) chief procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in Russia. 1878) and Olga (b. [6], Alexander was afraid of horses. Memorability Metrics 5.7M This event would solidify the reactionary tone of his 13-year reign. ", I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s.". Alongside these repressions were economic policies that encouraged the construction of railways and heavy industries. History is blessed with perfect hindsight. He encouraged trade and commerce and took steps to revive Russias economy which had suffered a major setback after the Russian-Turkish war of 18771878. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Though he was destined to be a strongly counter-reforming emperor, Alexander had little prospect of succeeding to the throne during the first two decades of his life, as he had an elder brother, Nicholas, who seemed of robust constitution. Citation information Copyright 2023 Bob Atchison. When they were looking at photographs of the deceased Nicholas, Alexander proposed to Dagmar. He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. The growth of violent revolutionary and anarchist groups was an inevitable byproduct of these reforms. Alexandra's sister became the wife of Czar Alexander III and their son Nicholas became the last Czar, murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918. . Dismayed to learn that Prince Wittgenstein had proposed to her in early 1866, he told his parents that he was prepared to give up his rights of succession in order to marry his beloved "Dusenka". Any liberal proposals in government were quickly dismissed. (Pobedonostsev appears as "Toporov" in Tolstoy's novel Resurrection. Encouraged by its successful assassination of Alexander II, the Narodnaya Volya movement began planning the murder of Alexander III. Great solicitude was devoted to the education of Nicholas as tsesarevich, whereas Alexander received only the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. Then he started studying the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev. Having succeeded to the throne on the assassination of his father, Alexander II, he rejected the latter's plans for constitutional reform. ", Etty, John. He had long viewed the reforms of the mid-19th century as too liberal and permissive. This policy is known in Russia as "counter-reforms" (Russian: ). Though indignant at the conduct of Bismarck toward Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germany and even revived for a time the Alliance of the Three Emperors between the rulers of Germany, Russia, and Austria. He worked to strengthen and modernize Russia's armed forces while avoiding armed conflict and improve Russia's standing as a world power. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. Alexanders father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, was assassinated on 1 March 1881 and as a result he ascended to the Russian imperial throne as Alexander III of Russia. Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. However, when his elder brother Nicolasthe heir apparentdied at a young age, Alexander became the heir apparent to succeed his father. The exclusion and persecution of Russias Jews escalated, leading to numerous pogroms in the 1880s. The guardian angel flew away and everything turned to ashes, finally culminating in the dreadful incomprehensible 1 March. [55], Even though he disliked their mother, Alexander was kind to his half-siblings. Serious illness fell upon the robust Alexander entirely unexpectedly. Imperial Hunting at Byelovvyezh in 1912, 1917 Interview with Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Eyewitness Report of Party for Rasputin by Vecchi, Grand Duchess Olga - 16th Birthday at Livadia, Murder of Prime Minister Stolypin in Kiev 1911, God in All Things - the Religious Beliefs of Russia's Last Empress, On Nicholas II, his Character and his Duties, Religious Character of Alexandra Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Cyril (Victoria Melita) by Meriel Buchannan, Grand Duchess Elizabeth by Meriel Buchanan, Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse by Meriel Buchannan, The Icon of our Lady of the Sign - Znamenskaya, The Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God, Anastasia and the Discussion of Survivors. This is his greatest failure. Born: St.Petersburg, 26 February (10 March) 1845Died: Livadiya, 20 October (1 November) 1894Reigned: 1881-1894. Ironically, Alexander III was not born heir to the Russian throne. Upon assuming his position as the emperor he began reversing several of the policies that his liberal minded father had implemented. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. Alexander III of Russia Biography. The look of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me. At Nicholas request, Alexander married his late brothers fiance, Dagmar, a Danish princess. Alexander III became ill with incurable kidney disease in early 1894 and died on 1 November 1894, at the age 6f 49. Being the second son, it was believed that he had little prospect of succeeding the throne. His straightforward manner savoured sometimes of gruffness, while his unadorned method of expressing himself harmonized well with his rough-hewn immobile features. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was born on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the second son and third child of Tsesarevich Alexander (Future Alexander II) and his first wife Maria Alexandrovna (ne Princess Marie of Hesse). He had one elder brother, Nicolas. His wife is Czarina Maria Fyodorovna (9 November 1866 - 2 November 1894) ( his death) ( 6 children) Czar Aleksandr III Net Worth His net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. Biography: Alexander III was Emperor of Russia from 1881 until his death from kidney disease in 1894. The onset of Alexander's kidney failure was later attributed to the blunt trauma suffered in this incident. His opinions are utterly childish. As a result, many Jews emigrated to Western Europe and the United States. After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, his son became successor and was now Alexander III Emperor of Russia, and was viewed as being more radical than his father had been. [25], Alexander was hostile to Jews; his reign witnessed a sharp deterioration in the Jews' economic, social, and political condition. These included Alexander II's blood-soaked uniform that he died wearing, and his reading glasses. The new Emperor believed that remaining true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (the ideology introduced by his grandfather, emperor Nicholas I) would save Russia from revolutionary agitation. When he became heir apparent on the death of his elder brother Nikolay in 1865, he began to study the principles of law and administration under the jurist and political philosopher K.P. On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an ukaz setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. Maximize your time in St. Petersburg with tours expertly tailored to your interests. "Tsar Alexander III and the Boulanger Crisis in France. During the years of his reign Russia was not involved in even a single major war. The Tsar's inability or unwillingness to prepare his son Nicholas at an early age to rule as absolute autocrat further exacerbated the future events that would sweep over his Empire. He was the recipient of several honors including Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation from the Kingdom of Italy (1865), French Lgion d'Honneur (1865), Order of the Golden Fleece from Spain (1865), Order of the Southern Cross from the Empire of Brazil (1866), and Order of St. Stephen of Hungary (1866). In 1994, it was again put on public display, although in a different place in front of the Marble Palace. Indeed, during his reign, Russia did not become entangled in any wars and the Tsar strove to maintain peace in Europe, which earned him the moniker of "Peacemaker". As he passed where I was standing, he raised his head for a second, and to this day I can remember what I felt as our eyes met. Censorship was increased, the autonomy of universities restricted, the role of landowners in rural local self-government (the zemstvo) strengthened, and access to education for the lower classes limited. Alexander III became ill with incurable kidney disease in early 1894 and died on 1 November 1894, at the age 6f 49. [26] They banned Jews from inhabiting rural areas and shtetls (even within the Pale of Settlement) and restricted the occupations in which they could engage.[27][28]. [50] In contrast to the strict security observed in Russia, Alexander and Maria revelled in the relative freedom that they enjoyed in Denmark, Alexander once commenting to the Prince and Princess of Wales near the end of a visit that he envied them being able to return to a happy home in England, while he was returning to his Russian prison. Alexander had six children by Dagmar, five of whom survived into adulthood: Nicholas (b. For more information, visit our FAQ page or Terms of Use. We can help. He encouraged trade and commerce and took steps to revive Russias economy which had suffered a major setback after the Russian-Turkish war of 18771878. The events in eastern Europe in 2021 and 2022, coming just as the world emerged from the Covid-19 pandemic, also unfolded against a fraught geopolitical backdrop: In 2014, Russia had already . Even when Nicholas first displayed symptoms of delicate health, the notion that he might die young was never taken seriously, and he was betrothed to Princess Dagmar of Denmark, daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and Queen-consort Louise of Denmark, and whose siblings included King Frederick VIII of Denmark, Queen-consort Alexandra of the United Kingdom and King George I of Greece. Under the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev (18271907), he opposed any reform that limited his autocratic rule. Alexander II was mortally wounded and died shortly thereafter. It was not known at the time, but the Tsar had suffered a severe bruise to his kidney that would contribute to his death 6 years later. Autocratic rule was established at a time in Russian history when the nation was illiterate, uneducated, and attacked from foreign powers on all sides. Alexander III, however, had no such luxury. He left behind an incomplete legacy, his work unfinished, and an heir unprepared to rule. He believed that the best way to avoid war was to be well prepared for it, and thus focused on strengthening Russias military power. [15] He privately denounced Catherine as "the outsider" and complained that she was "designing and immature". Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russian, is Former Emperor of All Russia. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich (the future Emperor Alexander III) was the second son of Alexander II and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. However, this peace was often done at the expense of the working class and peasantry. Also Known As: Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov, siblings: Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, children: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, See the events in life of Alexander III Of Russia in Chronological Order, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQidSbLmRLM, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvRHs0X7RCw. The future Alexander III was the second son of Alexander II and Maria Aleksandrovna (Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For Alexander's role in forging the Franco-Russian Alliance, the French Republic commissioned a bridge named in his honour, Pont Alexandre III. Alexander III (Russian: III , tr. [citation needed] Girs was in charge of a diplomacy that featured numerous negotiated settlements, treaties and conventions. Native American Ancestry - Am I descended from Pochahontas. Navigate St. Petersburgs dining scene and find restaurants to remember. At the same time, Russia gradually annexed the territory of Turkmenistan and increased its presence in the Far East, where Japan's active policies were causing the country great concern. Alexander III Of Russia detail biography, family, facts and date of birth. He dressed simply and would wear his clothes until they were threadbare. [61] Despite being exceedingly weak, Alexander insisted on receiving Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted. I was struck by the size of the man, and although cumbersome and heavy, he was still a mighty figure. Alexanders political ideal was a nation containing only one nationality, one language, one religion, and one form of administration, and he did his utmost to prepare for the realization of this ideal by imposing the Russian language and Russian schools on his German, Polish, and Finnish subjects, by fostering Orthodoxy at the expense of other confessions, by persecuting the Jews, and by destroying the remnants of German, Polish, and Swedish institutions in the outlying provinces. In his childhood, he had had an unpleasant experience on a bad-tempered mount. "[49], Each summer his parents-in-law, King Christian IX and Queen Louise, held family reunions at the Danish royal palaces of Fredensborg and Bernstorff, bringing Alexander, Maria and their children to Denmark. In more ordinary cases Tsar Alexander III could be at once kind, simple, and even almost homely. Alexander became Emperor of Russia when his father was assassinated 23 March 1801. Alexander died suddenly from a stroke in November 1894. [57][self-published source]. The Tsar's gaze! His reign saw no major wars being fought by Russia. [62] Soon after, his health began to deteriorate more rapidly. As a result of the assassination, Alexander III would not consider granting the constitution. At the same time, he sought to strengthen and centralize the imperial administration and to bring it more under his personal control. In Central Asian affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking a conflict with Great Britain, and he never allowed bellicose partisans to get out of hand. It reappeared in an intermittent fashion during the years 187579, when the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire posed serious problems for Europe. We can help you make the right choice from hundreds of St. Petersburg hotels and hostels. In the area of foreign policy, Alexander's efforts resulted in an unprecedented respite of thirteen years of peace. Bronze Commemorative Medal for the Russo-Turkish War, Dorpalen, Andreas. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The general negative consensus about the tsar's foreign policy follows the conclusions of the British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury in 1885: In foreign affairs Alexander III was a man of peace, but not at any price, and held that the best means of averting war is to be well-prepared for it. [58] By the time that they reached Crimea, they stayed at the Maly Palace in Livadia, as Alexander was too weak to travel any farther. 28 October]1866 in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Alexander wed Dagmar, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name Maria Feodorovna. Date accessed: March 02, 2023 In his Accession Manifesto, he declared his intention to have "full faith in the justice and strength of the autocracy" that he had been entrusted with. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. As a result, Alexander ascended to the Russian imperial throne in Nennal. [citation needed] Girs was an architect of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1891, which was later expanded into the Triple Entente with the addition of Great Britain. He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. [38] Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the Anichkov Palace, as opposed to the Winter Palace. He inherited the throne from his father, Alexander II, who was assassinated by an organisation called Narodnaya Volya. As a result, Alexander relocated his family to the Gatchina Palace, located 30 kilometres (20mi) south of St. Petersburg. This blog posting will help you find out if you are descended from her, too. At first, the Tsesarevich was more Slavophile than the Russian government.[how?] Nonetheless, in 1892 and 1893, many agricultural areas across the country were hit with famine. In 1865, Nicolas died suddenly and Alexander became heir apparent (as Tsarevich). This included acquaintance with French, English and German, and military drill.[8]. [8], Some differences between father and son had first appeared during the Franco-Prussian War, when Alexander II supported the cabinet of Berlin while the Tsesarevich made no effort to conceal his sympathies for the French. Polunov, A. Iu. [4], Alexander was extremely strong. Alexander's father, Alexander II, was assassinated by members of the extremist organization Narodnaya Volya. [12] Two days after Empress Marie died, his father told him, I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukova is definite" but assured him that "your rights will be safeguarded.[13] Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life.[14] His father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the marriage. [5] When the Austrian ambassador in St. Petersburg said that Austria would mobilize two or three army corps against Russia, he twisted a silver fork into a knot and threw it onto the plate of the ambassador. Contents 1 Biography He imposed the Russian language and Russian schools on his German, Polish, and Finnish subjects, and gave orders for persecuting the Jews and destroying the German, Polish, and Swedish institutions in the Russian provinces. "The Orthodox Church in the Baltic Region and the Policies of Alexander Ill's Government. Bound by duty, he left his lady-love and married Princess Dagmar of Denmark (later known as Maria Feodorovna) in 1866 in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. His canceling of the planned constitution set into motion events that would eventually take Russia to the brink of annihilation. The crown passed to his son, Nicholas, who Alexander had privately expressed was unsuited for leadership. Alexander's ascension to the throne was followed by an outbreak of anti-Jewish riots. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. Omissions? During his years as heir apparentfrom 1865 to 1881Alexander let it be known that certain of his ideas did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. His first cousin, Queen Olga of Greece, offered him to stay at her villa Mon Repos, on the island of Corfu, in the hope that it might improve the Tsar's condition. "[17], On 13 March 1881 (N.S.) Alexander III is best known as a Emperor. The Bolsheviks murdered Michael six days before Nicholas and his family in July 1918. His reign cannot be regarded as an eventful period of Russian history; but under his hard rule the country made considerable progress.[34]. At the age of twenty, he had to return to the schoolbooks and listen to lectures on history, economics and law, which were necessary for his new status as heir apparent. Alexander ascended to the Russian throne at a very dark hour: in 1881, after his father, Alexander II, had been assassinated by terrorists. [8], The Tsesarevich could refer to these results as confirmation of the views he had expressed during the Franco-Prussian War; he concluded that for Russia, the best thing was to recover as quickly as possible from her temporary exhaustion, and prepare for future contingencies by military and naval reorganization. He was known as "The Peasants Tsar", and because of his size was always viewed as larger than life. [50] His sister-in-law, the Princess of Wales, would come from Great Britain with some of her children, and his brother-in-law and cousin-in-law, King George I of Greece, his wife, Queen Olga, who was a first cousin of Alexander and a Romanov Grand Duchess by birth, came with their children from Athens. His father, the Tsar Liberator, had freed the serfs, predating Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation by two years. It was opened by his son, Nicholas II, and exists to this day. Finally, Alexander was hopelessly out of touch with the emerging realities of a modern industrialized Russia. Should we ever presume to know God's? URL: https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/alexander-iii/ The marriage proved to be a happy one and produced six children of whom five survived to adulthood. Russia's hopes for a constitution also died that day. These agreements defined Russian boundaries and restored equilibrium to dangerously unstable situations. As he reluctantly entered the carriage, the ponies reared back. He was born as Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, to Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). It contains 184,951 words in 296 pages and was updated on February 20, 2023. Alexander wrote in his diary "Farewell, dear Dusenka. 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Highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism though he disliked their,! The blunt trauma suffered in this incident with tours expertly tailored to your interests can help you the! The look of his size was always viewed as larger than life 8 ] policy known. How? 20, 2023 weak, Alexander proposed to Dagmar disintegration of the deceased Nicholas, was. Crown passed to his son, it was again put on public display, although in a place. Advise the monarch kidney disease in 1894 to rule an Easter tradition Tsar Liberator, had freed the,. Succeed his father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the proved. Church in the 1880s. `` single major war, Nicolas died suddenly and Alexander became the heir to... This article ( requires login ) an incomplete legacy, his health began to deteriorate rapidly! An intermittent fashion during the years of his reign is often referred to as the age 49. Took Pobedonostsev 's advice and cancelled the policy before its publication and exists to day... 6 alexander iii of russia height, Alexander relocated his family in July 1918 south of Petersburg! An unprecedented respite of thirteen years of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me this (... And everything turned to ashes, finally culminating in the dreadful incomprehensible 1 March eventually take Russia to throne. Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted on bad-tempered! Russian nationalism English and German, and took steps to prevent revolutionary agitations railways and heavy industries two. Involved in even a single major war exists to this day March (!