Variant spellings include Prinzloo and Prinslo. 2. [192][193], South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistncia Nacional Moambicana (RENAMO) rebels, in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO-run government during the Mozambique Civil War, and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana, killing or capturing a number of South African exiles. BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918". Afumba (Zambian origin) meaning "when they plan". In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half-brothers Dingaan and Umhlangana. Prinsloo is an Afrikaans surname. Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch. [191] South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations-brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola, Cuba and South Africa, resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa's withdrawal from South West Africa (now Namibia), which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966. Pro-apartheid South Africans attempted to justify the Bantustan policy by citing the British government's 1947 partition of India, which they claimed was a similar situation that did not arouse international condemnation. [179] The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture. Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. Van der Merwe is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Dutch van der Merwen ("from the Merwede"). Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep-level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world's gold, with the "instant city" of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef. Male | Jabulani, a Zulu name often shortened to Jabu, means "rejoice" and is pronounced Jah-boo-LAH-nee. Abara is a common last name in the Igbo community. Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, and Anglo Platinum, were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. The Battle of Delville Wood and the sinking of the SS Mendi being the greatest single incidents of loss of life. Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960, in which a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa. The Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress, among others, formed a parliamentary opposition in the country's first non-racial parliament. Since 2007 South Africa has experienced an ongoing energy crisis that has negatively impacted the country's economy,[237] its ability to create jobs,[237] and reduce poverty. This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State.[85]. Ross, Robert, Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson, eds. An estimated five thousand Zulu warriors were involved. The official statistics of blacks killed in action are inaccurate. The Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement. [226], In 2014, around 47% of (mostly black) South Africans lived in poverty, making it one of the most unequal countries in the world. [51] The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves. The incident was widely criticised by the public, civil society organisations and religious leaders. [177][178] In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. One of our 3 capital cities is also . An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba, discovered in 2008. The British High Commission territories of Basutoland (now Lesotho), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), and Swaziland (now Eswatini) continued under direct rule from Britain. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. With 250,000 paid-up members at the height of its existence, it was the largest white protest movement in the country's history. [42] Most historians recognise that the Mfecane wasn't just a series of events caused by the founding of the Zulu kingdom but rather a multitude of factors caused before and after Shaka Zulu came into power. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years. On 27 April 1994, after decades of passive resistance, armed struggle, terrorism and international opposition to apartheid, the first black party African National Congress (ANC) achieved victory in the country's first democratic election. Aubrey Newman, Nicholas J Evans, J Graham Smith & Saul W Issroff. [228] The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the tripartite alliance between the ANC, the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.[229]. The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the post-1994 democratic order was irreversible. This Second AngloBoer War, also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first, with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe, which was located near the northern border of present-day South Africa, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present-day Zimbabwe and Botswana, was the first indigenous kingdom in southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300. It is likely that around 50% of white men of military age served during the war, more than 146,000 whites. British colonisation, Mfecane and Boer Republics (18151910), Area Study South Africa, US Library of Congress. [213] The Charter decreed that "the national wealth of our country, the heritage of South Africans, shall be restored to the people; the mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people". [168], The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) would later establish that a covert, informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives, frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right-wing elements, was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations, including random and targeted killings. A total of 616 men from the Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship SS Mendi, on which they were being transported to France, collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight. [23] The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory, forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993, after South African and Cuban involvement had ended. Abara (Igbo origin) meaning "spirit". [142] A number of South African fighter pilots served with distinction in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain, including Group Captain Adolph "Sailor" Malan who led 74 Squadron and established a record of personally destroying 27 enemy aircraft. [187][188] The Angolan army, in resisting what it perceived as a South African invasion, was supported by a combination of Cuban forces and PLAN and ANC guerrillas, all armed with weapons supplied by the Soviet Union. Abara - Origin: West African (Igbo). It is a Dutch/Flemish variant on the word Lowe, meaning Lion. Axmed (Somali origin) the variant for Ahmed. The convention came into force on 18 July 1976. [77][78] To European settlers in Southern Africa, the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock. It translates as "of the roof". The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the Charter of the United Nations. It is also a given name in Kerala. Paul Kruger, one of the leaders of the uprising, became President of the ZAR in 1883. [230][231][232] Notable corruption related scandals during this period included incidents of widespread state capture[233] often involving allegations against the Gupta family. [204] The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition,[205] with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement. Great Britain. Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand. [99] The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley. Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply. After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993, containing concessions towards all sides: a federal system of regional legislatures, equal voting-rights regardless of race, and a bicameral legislature. In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". The descendants of unions between the Dutch settlers and the Khoi-San and Malay slaves became known officially as the Cape Coloureds and the Cape Malays, respectively. Except in rare outcrops, however, the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock. It has, however, been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. [175][176], In early-November 1975, immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola, civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements. Abebe (Amharic origin) meaning "flower". Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. Civilians were killed or injured in many of these robberies. 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports, where they were housed in segregated compounds. [40], Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane, ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade. The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known. Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief were killed. Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals, so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia. With the formal end of apartheid in 1994, the new democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to R86,700,000,000 (US$14,000,000,000 at then current exchange rates) accrued by the former apartheid regime. Blignaut, Charl. Abioye (Yoruba origin) meaning "son of royalty". In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders, Ndlambe and Ngqika, ended in Ngqika's defeat, but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief. A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State. Lerato Abbas - Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Algeria. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. [26] Many Portuguese words are still found along the coast of South Africa including Saldanha, Algoa, Natal, Agulhas, Benguela and Lucia. 127. In 1993, attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased. [139][140], About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full-time military service in support of the Allies abroad. [214] ANC icon Nelson Mandela, asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990: "The nationalisation of the mines, banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC, and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable. The colony, with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904[56] ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province. Today middle names are common among people with a Catholic, Protestant, Islamic or South Asian background. [2] The first nations of South Africa are collectively referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoi Khoi and the San separately. [144] He returned in 1923, and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich. The trade union movement was divided. Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2010). Smith: A common name of English origin, Smith means someone who works with metal. An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993, left eleven people dead and 58 injured. Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land In South Africa's Caledon Valley And The Invention Of The Mfecane", "First Indian workers arrive in South Africa | South African History Online", "Crossing the Kala Pani: cause for "Celebration" or "Commemoration" 150 years on? From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. [citation needed], The TRC, at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004, handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit. It is among the most common African last names. [219] By 2019 the number of skilled black South Africans emigrating out of the country had surpassed the number of white emigres. In the eastern part of what is today South Africa, in the region named Natalia by the Boer trekkers, the latter negotiated an agreement with Zulu King Dingane kaSenzangakhona allowing the Boers to settle in part of the then Zulu kingdom. [240][241], The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa. The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated. Chidubem - This name is Igbo for "God is my guide." Igwe - Many Igbo people in South Africa have this last name. Those settlers who were allocated money could only claim it in Britain in person or through an agent. This was the 499th most popular girl name in the U.K. in 2005, with 70 newborns being named Aamina. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. Kaya (Southern African origin), meaning "restful place," and is a Zulu name pronounced KAH-yah. [233] The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption. In November 1497, a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope. It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the affairs of the region, which the British named Transorange. 1. Southern Africa was later populated by Bantu-speaking people who migrated from the western region of central Africa during the early centuries AD. It comes from a Punjabi word 'gil, which means 'prosperity'. By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps. Many African last names reference wealth and the aristocracy. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. 213, 219, 223, 224 Quote: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings on the role of allies of the state, pages 227238, Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in. Smith's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats, where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles. -- 262 p. CS3080.S6 R6 Bibliography: p. 261-262. South Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS compared to any other country in the world, with 5,600,000 people afflicted by the disease and 270,000 HIV-related deaths were recorded in 2011. The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. [citation needed] With a population of roughly 6 million, between 19141918, over 250,000 South Africans of all races voluntarily served their country. The Cape Colony was unusual in southern Africa in that its laws prohibited any discrimination on the basis of race and, unlike the Boer republics, elections were held according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise system, whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally, regardless of race. Get in touch! By 1987, total military expenditure amounted to about 28% of the national budget. du Toit is an Afrikaans surname of French origin, originally from Franois du Toit, a Huguenot who moved to South Africa in 1686. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings in respect of the state and its allies: findings 82, 100 c, 100 f, 101, 102 pp. [19] However, there was competition for land, and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779. 36. Colonel Jan Breytenbach, the South African parachute battalion commander, claimed it was "recognised in Western military circles as the most successful airborne assault since World War II. The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog, forming the National Party (NP) in 1914. Retief Afrikaans Afrikaans form of Rtif. Whereas the San were hunter-gatherers, the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders. [71], In 1861, to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State, most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek. Fourie, J. Abeba [30] Simon van der Stel, the first Governor of the Dutch settlement, famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry, was himself of mixed race-origin. The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership. Page 1 2. [88] War broke out again in 1865. Newbury (1987), p.1 citing D Hobart Houghton and Jennifer Dagut (eds). The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000, mostly migrants from Lithuania. 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. [111] The commercial opportunities opened by the discovery of gold attracted many other people of European Jewish origin. The name is derived from the dutch word Prins (meaning prince), and a loo suffix meaning clearing in the forest. After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively designated a World Heritage site. It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000. [40] Among the initial reasons for their leaving the Cape colony were the English language rule. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe's kingdom, which led to border clashes. Between 19601994, according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African Police 2,700, and the ANC about 1,300. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century. [43][44][24], In 1818, Nguni tribes in Zululand created a militaristic kingdom between the Tugela River and Pongola River, under the driving force of Shaka kaSenzangakhona, son of the chief of the Zulu clan. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Leaders of the Communist Party of South Africa were mostly white. Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed Griqualand West in 1871, with a Lieutenant-General and legislative council. Providing important rest and refuelling stations, the Royal Navy could ensure vital sea lane connections to the British Raj, and the Far East stayed open. Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war.[131]. Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974. In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President. These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the Bantu expansion from Western and Central Africa. The "aliens" objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote, and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits, and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government.[119]. The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there. After 1806, a number of Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland, first in small groups. [107] The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world. Mokopane and his followers, anticipating retaliation by the settlers, retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa, (or Makapansgat in Afrikaans). It comes from the word Latin "praetor" and it's very common in South Africa. These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s, led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II, only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home. As societies became more complex or were colonised by more complex societies these distinguishing names became fixed and were passed on to the next generation. Meanwhile, 34-year-old South African pacer Shabnim Ismail not only took three wickets but also registered her name in record books by bowling the fastest ball in women's cricket. 27. [96], The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. Amani (Ethiopian origin) means "faith". After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914, the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain. Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok, these "coloureds" or Basters (meaning mixed race or multiracial) as they were named by the Dutcha word derived from baster, meaning "bastard"[68]started trekking northward into the interior, through what is today named Northern Cape Province. [132] Eight South Africans won the Victoria Cross for gallantry, the Empire's highest and prestigious military medal. [131], Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines. [157], Although many important events occurred during this period, apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved, including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society. In the southeastern part of South Africa, Boer settlers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River, and in 1779 the First Xhosa War broke out. [55] The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony, created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War. [172][173], South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second AngloBoer war. Specifics of the contact between Bantu-speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched, although linguistic proof of assimilation exists, as several southern Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) are theorised in that they incorporate many click consonants from the Khoisan languages, as possibilities of such developing independently are valid as well. CS3012.U5 South Africa 12. 5. 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp. Britain's eventual defeat of the Zulus, marking the end of the Zulu nation's independence, was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority. A majority of politically moderate Afrikaners were pragmatic and did not support the AWB's extremism. Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand. [59] Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.[60]. Afrikaans, previously regarded as a low-level Dutch patois, replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union. Freeman can also be an African American or Jewish name. Afrikaners were split, with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort. Surnames of South African origin (5 C, 5 P) Surnames of Swaziland origin (1 P) Surnames of Tunisian origin (10 P) Surnames of West African origin (5 C, 3 P) Swahili-language surnames (4 P) T Surnames of Tanzania (1 P) Y Yoruba-language surnames (103 P) Z Zambian surnames (33 P) Zimbabwean surnames (12 P) Protestant, Islamic or South Asian background prominent leadership role in the U.K. in 2005, with like. First Nations of South Africa, US Library of Congress were killed or injured in many of these.... 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